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English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language as a Koiné language, "a common means of communication for speakers of different first languages".〔Vienna Oxford International Corpus of English (): FAQ〕 ELF is also "defined functionally by its use in intercultural communication rather than formally by its reference to native-speaker norms"〔Hülmbauer, Cornelia et al. 2008 "Introducing English as a lingua franca (ELF): Precursor and partner in intercultural communication." Synergies Europe 3, 25-36. p.27 http://ressources-cla.univ-fcomte.fr/gerflint/Europe3/hulmbauer.pdf.〕 whereas English as a foreign language aims at meeting native speaker norms and gives prominence to native speaker cultural aspects.〔(cf. ibid 2008: 27-28)〕 While lingua francas have been used for centuries, what makes ELF a novel phenomenon is the extent to which it is used – both functionally and geographically. A typical ELF conversation might involve an Italian and a Dane chatting at a coffee break of an international conference held in Brussels, a Spanish tourist asking a local for the way in Berlin, or a Punjabi Indian negotiating with a Tamil Indian salesperson at Chennai. ==Features== The way English is used as a lingua franca is heavily dependent on the specific situation of use. Generally speaking, ELF interactions concentrate on function rather than form.〔Paradowski, Michał B. 2013. Understanding English as a Lingua Franca: A Complete Introduction to the Theoretical Nature and Practical Implications of English used as a Lingua Franca. Barbara Seidlhofer. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 7(2) (Issue: English as a Lingua Franca. Implications for Translator and Interpreter Education ), 312–20 (article ) https://www.academia.edu/3318842/Barbara_Seidlhofer_Understanding_English_as_a_Lingua_Franca_A_Complete_Introduction_to_the_Theoretical_Nature_and_Practical_Implications_of_English_used_as_a_Lingua_Franca_Review_article_〕 In other words, communicative efficiency (i.e. getting the message across) is more important than correctness.〔Cogo, Allessia. 2008. “English as a Lingua Franca. Form follows function.” English Today 95 (3), 58-61.〕 As a consequence, ELF interactions are very often hybrid.〔Firth, Alan. 2009. “The lingua franca factor.” Intercultural pragmatics 6: 2, 147-170. p.161-163〕 Speakers accommodate to each other's cultural backgrounds and may also use code-switching into other languages that they know.〔Cogo, Alessia and Dewey, Martin. 2006. “Efficiency in ELF communication. From pragmatic motives to lexico-grammatical innovation.” Nordic Journal of English Studies. http://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/3148〕 Based on the (Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English ) (VOICE) and additional research, the following features of ELF lexicogrammar have been identified:〔Seidlhofer, Barbara. 2006. “Towards making ‘Euro-English’ a linguistic reality.” In: Bolton, Kinglsey; Kachru, Braj B. (eds.). World Englishes. Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Volume III. London: Routledge, 47-50.〕 〔Cogo, Alessia and Dewey, Martin. 2006. “Efficiency in ELF communication. From pragmatic motives to lexico-grammatical innovation.” Nordic Journal of English Studies. http://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/3148〕 * shift in the use of articles (including some preference for zero articles) as in ''our countries have signed agreements about this'' * invariant question tags as in ''you’re very busy today, aren't you?'' (and use of other similar universal forms) * treating ‘who’ and ‘which’ as interchangeable relative pronouns, as in ''the picture which'' or ''a person who'' * shift of patterns of preposition use, for example ''we have to study about'' * preference for bare and/or full infinitive over the use of gerunds, as in ''I'm looking forward to see you tomorrow'' * extension to the collocational field of words with high semantic generality, for example ''perform an operation'' * increased explicitness, for example ''how much time'' instead of ''how long'' * exploited redundancy, such as ellipsis of objects/complements of transitive verbs as in "I wanted to go with..." or "You can borrow...'" However, these features are by no means invariant or “obligatory”. Rather, these forms do not seem to compromise effective communication within an ELF setting when they do occur. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「English as a lingua franca」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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